Saturday, May 23, 2020
Learning Foreign Language from an Early Childhood â⬠Is It Good or Bad
Learning Foreign Language from an Early Childhood Is It Good or Bad? The more I read about learning foreign language from a very early age, the more I think about whether it is necessary at all. You can come across two totally different opinions: kids do or do not need it, it is good or bad for them, it does or does not make sense. In my opinion, the answer to these questions is absolutely up to a certain family with its own rules, traditions and desires. You can but agree that there are no identical families. Some of them consist of people with higher education only and have a lot of various interests, while the others lie on the couch all day, watching TV series and popular shows. For some families travelling is the inseparable part and even meaning of life, but the others barely get out of home on weekends. Some spend all the free time learning about different cultures and are happy to meet different people, while others run away from everyone who thinks and looks different than them. Iââ¬â¢d be very surprised if the family where both parent had studied and spoke foreign language didnââ¬â¢t let their kid learn second language from childhood. Most likely they will seek to do it or at least want to. The family where no one ever spoke foreign language will most likely have the opposite opinion and will definitely have their reasons for it. So, according to all these family values, priorities, intellectual levels and special interests, the idea of whether foreign language must or must not be taught from early childhood should be formed within a certain family.
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
Should the Uk Retain Its Uncodified Constitution Essay
Should the UKs constitution remain uncodified? A constitution is a set of rules which may be written or unwritten, establishes the distribution of power in a political system, the limits of government jurisdiction, the rights of citizens and the method of amending the constitution itself. An uncodified constitution is unwritten, or at least not written all in one document. The constitution in the UK is found in a variety of sources which are mainly statute and common law, conventions and traditions, European law etc. There are arguments for the UK to both retain an uncodified constitution and to change this to a codified constitution like the USA. Some of the arguments for retaining the uncodified system are that; codification producesâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦However if a codified constitution will introduce judicial tyranny then it defeats the object of reducing concentrated power. In the UK currently the people have the ability the put pressure on the government to make changes to the constitution for example the powers o f the House of Lords were reduced through both Parliament acts of 1911 and 1949 because of a growing belief that an unelected second chamber should no longer have the right to block the policies of an elected government. This was recently changed again so that after the hereditary line to the House of Lords stop after those currently there die. However in a codified constitution judges would be the people policing the constitution, meaning that pressure from the people wouldnââ¬â¢t mean anything because the judiciary are not accountable to the people. On the other hand a codified constitution would clarify the nature of the political system to its citizens. Currently in the UK the constitution is not easy to find which makes it difficult for the UKs citizens to learn the nature of the political system but also all the rights that as a citizen of the UK you should enjoy. For example in the USA the bill of rights is a part of their constitution and every citizen can gain access to these rights. In the USA the whole constitution is on one document and all citizens have access to it. This may make it easier for the UK as a whole to understand the BritishShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Parliamentary Sovereignty1481 Words à |à 6 PagesH Ã¢â¬Æ' Introduction The concept of parliamentary sovereignty is one of the imperative components of the supreme legal authority in UK constitution. The parliamentary supremacy is the key legislative authority body to all governmental establishment in the country. Which implies the parliament can charge power to the local authorities, professional bodies and statutory instruments to enact legislation. Practically, the Parliament has the power to make and dissolve any law which means any law passedRead MoreEssay on Legal Profession2005 Words à |à 9 PagesContents Introduction: The purpose of the essay I. Legal Profession a) Branches b) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland c) UK Legal System II. Solicitors a) General Practitioner Lawyers b) Traditions c) Origins III. Barristers a) Architects and Executives b) Legal Advisers and Advocates c) Lawyer-Client Relationship IV. Difference between Solicitors and Barristers and different Governing Bodies. a) Bar council or
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Technology Boon or Bane Free Essays
Day by day, technology advances only to deteriorate the health of those who use it. In the past years, scientists have spoon-fed people of all ages with attractive gadgets. However, the truth is technology has made humans less well-rounded individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology: Boon or Bane? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Technology is a wonderful thing; there are cell phones with internet access and the capability to take pictures and videos. With computers, all the information you could ever want is available within a few keystrokes of a search engine. Contradicting those points is, just like everything else in life. Nothing is ever perfect and technology has its share of flaws. There are calculators, search engines, online forums and instant messengers that are making us socially and mentally handicapped. Video games are giving gamers a false sense of reality and teachings of violence. Finally, technology has in the past and is being used for the wrong reason of destroying the whole universe using weapons of mass destruction. People have questions every single day, and it is very normal and healthy to ask questions. This promotes the mental wellness of a human being; it also helps you learn more information which contributes to your general knowledge. With the invention of search engines and online forums, it has become easier to get your question answered. This is an asset to humans, however a human can become socially undeveloped and not have the confidence to talk with a person face to face and ask a question. Instant messengers have also contributed to the fact that people find it easier to talk over the internet, rather than face to face. The same rule applies to the mental strength of mankind. Math homework is less than a challenge for students of today. They pick up their calculators, type in a few numbers and write the answer down on the page claiming to their teachers that they have applied all their mental faculties to the questions. Though this method is extremely convenient, it is ruining our brainââ¬â¢s full capabilities. In order for something to run efficiently it must be utilized. The calculator does not permit the brain to be exercised before it can function properly. Video games provide unending fun, but it also gives the player unrealistic views about life. Computer and video games have come a long way since Space Invaders and Pac Man. ââ¬Å"â⬠¦numerous studies show that video games, especially ones with violent content, make teens more aggressiveâ⬠(http://www. pamf. org/preteen/parents/videogames. html). Todayââ¬â¢s games are much more complex and interesting, and the technology has advanced to the point where a gamer can become immersed within the game. Video games provide the players with false ideas about saving the world and resulting to violence as a method of solving your problems with others. In other words it is making gamers become too unrealistic about the life they live and glorifying an unreal world. Technology has been used for the wrong reason of destroying the universe ââ¬Å"[It] has dominated warfare since the early 1900sâ⬠(http://www. newscientist. com/topic/weapons). Majority of the population must agree with that comment. During the final stages of World War II in 1945, the United States conducted two atomic bombings against Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasakiâ⬠(http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki). The bombings were one of the earliest signs of a technological breakthrough which destroyed the earth, there is no doubt that it is evident to happen again, due to the technology advancing every day. Another recent example which is still fresh in our minds is t he event of 9/11, in which terrorists trained themselves on a computer to destroy the Twin Towers. With technology reaching insurmountable feats rapidly, it is destroying the planet and its inhabitants. Technology is deteriorating the well-roundedness of humans by allowing them to rely on manmade machines and become lethargic. Technology is making us socially and mentally dumb, giving false sense of reality. Weapons are being created using technology for the wrong reason of destroying the universe. For all those reasons it is suggested people should become further aware of the Trojan horse of today, which is technology. How to cite Technology: Boon or Bane?, Papers
Sunday, May 3, 2020
Principles of Safe Practice Models and Managing Risk.
Question: Discuss about the Principles of Safe Practice Models and Managing Risk. Answer: Introduction I am Sophie Wagner, a social worker for the department of child youth and family services. I was appointed with the provision of state sector Act 1988. On 26th January 2016, a report was received by the department by an anonymous citizen. The report demonstrates about the Madrids children who were neglected and verbally abused. The concerns also included that unknown person continuously enters as well as leave the home of Madrid. Due to the report, the house of Madrid was visited on 2nd February 2016 in order to investigate the matter. Proper discussions with the help of various professionals were conducted in order to discover the reason behind the behaviour against the children. After proper investigation, we have found some significant results. Living situation The family of Madrid live in New Zealand at the Queen Street beside the coffee shop. In the house, Mrs Madrid lives with her 4 children. The father of the childrens died in a road accident on 12th December 2016. Mrs Madrid is a homemaker who stays at home in order to provide proper care to their children. When Madrid house was visited, it was analyzed that the house was too much tidy as well as warm. It was stated by Mrs Madrid that they have both the facility of insulation as well as heating in the house. She told that her children have a strong friendship with the neighbours. She also shares a good bond as well as the relationship with her neighbours. It was analyzed that out of four children, three of her children were dressed appropriately. Mr Madrid engages in normal conversation with us by stating the relationship status with their neighbours. It was noticed that during the visit of the various professionals in the house of the Madrid, the mother of the children was very much aware of providing proper oversight towards the activities of the children. When we visited Mrs Madrid house, she was questioned about her supervision when her children play outside. Mrs Madrid told that she shares a strong relationship with the neighbours and they are like a family. She further stated that she provides effective supervision to her children's when they play outside. She watches them from the window of the kitchen at a regular interval in order to track their activities. She also added that she trusts her neighbour and they work as a single family for monitoring the children while they were playing outside. We have observed that she supervised her children's when we have visited her home. It was observed that Madrids home have four bed-rooms but only one room look like a bedroom with some mattresses on the floor for the childrens. Mrs Madrid discloses that after the death of her husband she asks her children to sleep with her in the same bedroom. She told that it would be better for all of them as they were going through a difficult time. She added that she was adjusting to the situation after she has lost her husband and was trying to provide the best supervision to her children. Health After proper discussion with Mrs Madrid, a visit was arranged to their family doctor "Victoria Owens" who was also a general practitioner. The doctor discloses that Mrs Madrid was not concerned about her children's health. He stated that Mrs Madrid generally visits him with her children who are suffering from different health issues at a different time which suggest that she did not take proper care of her children's health. The doctor advised that a referral was made for Mrs Madrid so that she can cope of with her mental illness which is may be due to her husbands death. He added that Mrs Madrid rejected his referral by saying that she did not need their support but the doctor suggested that that she need their support in the coming future. Education Michelle Madrid, who was the eldest child of Mrs Madrid, only attends school. Michelle studies in a primary school and therefore a meeting was arranged with the class teacher in order to investigate the matter much more. The class teacher told that Michelle is a quick leaner and is very much engaged in his education. He pays attention in his studies by showing confidence to learn new things. She states that from his early age he has a strong leadership skill present in him. She further stated that Michelle comes to school with proper dress and adequate amount of lunch and his attendance in the school was also excellent. Involvement of other agencies Huges who was involved with the childrens of Mrs Madrid states that Mrs was very much engaged in her parenting activity by reflecting a new desire to lean more innovative things. He advised that they did not have any concern when the four childrens were present under the care of the mother. He added that Mrs Madrid was a caring mother and she always keeps herself busy with the childrens. He noted that recently the doctor asked Mrs Madrid to take some support for improving her mental health as she has lost her husband in a road accident, but Mrs Madrid refuses to take the support. She did so as she wants to be with her children, she does not want to keep her children alone, and therefore she told that if in the coming future, she needs help, she will contact them. Family Support After the death of Mr Madrid in a road accident, both the families of Mr Madrid and Mrs Madrid provide their support to the children as well as Mrs Madrid so that they can live a comfortable life. She told that both the maternal s well as paternal family have supported her at different point or situations which help in minimizing the pressure of managing the whole family in the absence of her husband. She discloses that she is a member of fellowship and she trusts the community of the curt that they will help her and her children when she will face any kind of difficulty in the coming future. She told that the group of the church have a social service and she regularly visited that. She further states that she is enjoying the help as well as support that is provided to her by the community of the church so that she could live a proper life. Social networks Mrs Madrid visited church regularly with her children, and she is very much engaged in various playgroups as well as meetings. She told that the community of curt had supported her and her children during her difficult time by providing an appropriate amount of meals as well as money when she and her children's require. Social Work Observations It was observed that Mrs Madrid always spoke to her children in Tongon. At various situations, she raises her voice but never has raised her concern towards her children. We have not noticed any improper use of languages by Mrs Madrid while communicating with her children. Summary It was analyzed that in the family of Madrid there are four children and the family of Madrid was bought to the attention of the department that the children's of Madrid were abused verbally as well as neglected. It was observed that Mrs Madrid recently, lost her husband inn a road accident and due to this the family condition of Madrid became improper. The family of Madrid was supported by both the maternal as well as the paternal family of Mrs Madrid so that they can cope up with the grief and can live a normal lifestyle. Mrs Madrid was also supported by the community of the church. It was analyzed that the church community not only supported her and her family but also provide meals as well as money when she faces difficulty in living a normal life. It was stated by Mrs Madrid that the fellowship, as well as church community, provided her money so that she can educate as well as provide meals to her children at regular interval of time properly. The maternal, as well as paternal f amily of Mrs Madrid, live with her which helps in minimizing the burden of managing the family in the absence of her husband. It was identified from the entire study as well as the discussion that Mrs Madrid family networks including her paternal as well as maternal family, church community as well as other professionals provide adequate support to the children's of Mrs Madrid and as a result, the children are under proper supervision as well as care. They do not have a problem, and none of the children among the four was neglected.
Wednesday, March 25, 2020
Review of Wordfast Strengths and Weaknesses of This Translation Memory Tool
With the recent advancements in the sphere of computer technologies and the advent of ICT translation productivity tools, translation can be regarded as not only craft, but also a rapidly growing industry. Whereas the translations are paid by the word count, the translatorââ¬â¢s productivity is defined as the greatest number of words translated at the lowest price and within the minimal time period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Wordfast: Strengths and Weaknesses of This Translation Memory Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Translation memory (TM) is a software program aimed at enhancing the productivity of individual translators and translatorsââ¬â¢ groups through storing the segments of the translated texts in the computerized databases and retrieving hits during the following translations. It allows not only not to translate the same or similar units twice, but also to achieve consistency in terminology within different projects or different translators. Wordfast as one of the world-known budget TMs has its strengths and weaknesses which will be reviewed in this report. The main strengths of Wordfast The budget price, the available demo version and understandable manual are recognized by most translators using it as the main advantages of Wordfast. The 350 Euros as the price for downloading this CAT tool directly from Wordfast corporate website is significantly lower compared to its much more expensive analogues, such as Trados and Dà ©jà vu, for example. Another significant strength of Wordfast is the availability of not only a demo version which can be downloaded for free, but also the unlimited trial period which allows using this demo version for training purposes as long as the translator needs. Actually, it is possible even to use it in work because the request to pay for the software appears only after the program exceeds the limit of 500 translation units . Thus, even after the TM is full, the translator can create a new one and continue working with a demo version. Moreover, a very large translation memory (VLTM) for Wordfast have created recently and can be downloaded for free so that to overcome the above-mentioned limitation. The learning curve is one of the most important advantages of Wordfast. Its manual is relatively brief, straightforward and easy to follow.Advertising Looking for essay on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regarding the technical characteristics, the TM editor, sentence-based segments, project management strength and the standards compliance can be regarded as the main strengths of Wordfast. As to the TM editor criterion, it can be stated that working in Word documents as the accustomed environment allows the translator to reduce the time required for learning the main features offered by Wordfast. Moreover, this tool can also be used for wo rking with Excel and Power Point documents. The sentence based units used in Wordfast are more convenient as compared to the translational suites working with the whole texts. The compliance with the main standards allows sharing the TMs even with those who use other types of CAT software. A set of tools called PlusTools included into Wordfast is another advantage of this software which allows simplifying the procedures of aligning the source and target texts before starting work on a particular project. Opening the PlusTools and clicking on the Align button, the translator can process the source and target texts which will appear either in the table format in one document or in the two documents placed side by side on the screen. The search engine of Wordfast allows finding not only exact, but also fuzzy matches with certain extent of deviation between the source and target units. The match rate indicating the degree of correspondence appears between the two segments and allows the translator to estimate the appropriateness of using certain matches in the context of a particular project. It is also possible to use the * wildcard instead of the end of the term in case if various endings are possible. This feature is intended to make the search process more effective. It is possible to perform searches on both regular and background TMs so that to define whether a particular term is appropriate for the concrete text.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Review of Wordfast: Strengths and Weaknesses of This Translation Memory Tool specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wordfast not only allows accelerating the translation process, enhancing the translatorââ¬â¢s productivity by economizing time and resources, but also allows preserving the consistency of terminology among the various projects which is usually appreciated by the customers. Moreover, it is much easier to work with the colored text field s as compared to working with glancing back and forth between the white screen of the two documents with the source and target texts. The sentence-based segmentation encourages a translator to concentrate efforts on only one sentence at a time which is les tiresome for the translatorââ¬â¢s eyes. It means that working with Wordfast would enhance the productivity even if there are no many repetitions in the document. The main weaknesses of Wordfast Recognizing the variety of benefits of using Wordfast in the translation process, it should be noted that the use of this ACT program can have a number of unintended negative implications for the quality of the target text and the translation process in general. One of the most significant disadvantages of working with Wordfast is the concentration on only one segment at a time which can become a hurdle for the high quality translation. Though this feature has been mentioned above as one of the advantages of this software it actually can cut both ways. Thus, concentrating on only one sentence, the translator fails to consider the whole context. Moreover, in most cases the segment-by-segment approach would not allow creating cohesive texts in terms of their style and tone. The problem is that changing the sentence and especially the paragraph structure will result in creating non-existing matches, whereas the TM tool is unable to indicate the changes which were performed for the purpose of improving the style and automatically matches the segments in the source and target documents.Advertising Looking for essay on programming? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the Wordfast interface is inappropriate for proofreading the target documents, and the translators to look for the ways out so that not to distort the created match units which can cause the errors in following translations. The automatic application of a given translation found in TM within the whole text can result in error propagation. For example, when a customer provides the TMs before the beginning of the translatorsââ¬â¢ work on the project, the provided files can contain translation mistakes which would complicate the translation processes instead of optimizing it. On the other hand, committing a mistake and incorporating it into the customerââ¬â¢s TM will result in further error propagation because this TM can be sent to other translators working with the customer in future. In general, the translators can never fully rely on TMs. Regarding the use of the * wildcard at the end of the term while working with the search engine, it should be noted that it can be pl aced only after four characters from the beginning of the entry. However, there are lots of cases when the wildcard has to be placed earlier for enhancing the effectiveness of search. Thus, this feature is a bit incomplete and requires further consideration from developers. Regardless of the fact that the initial version of Wordfast was developed for Windows and Macintosh, currently, most of the links to the software compatible with Macintosh are dead. Thus, the Macintosh version can hardly be found online. The psychological aspect of depending upon Wordfast which can be developed after getting accustomed to working with the tool can be regarded as another drawback of using this software. In general, most of Wordfast features cut both ways and can result in both positive and negative implications for the translation process, not only allowing individual translators and translatorsââ¬â¢ teams to enhance their productivity and preserve the terminology consistency within the project s, but also requiring translatorsââ¬â¢ advanced professionalism and concentration for preventing the error propagation. Conclusion Wordfast as one of the world-known TM software is appreciated for its budget price, unlimited trial period, the wide range of features and straightforward and easy to follow guidelines as compared to its analogues. However, apart from all its strengths allowing the translators to enhance the productivity and convenience of the translation process, Wordfast has a number of features which can result in unintended negative implications and deserve the developersââ¬â¢ consideration. In that regard, the interface of the program does not allow proofreading the target documents for style and tone and the automatic application of the translation match to the whole document can result in error propagation. This essay on Review of Wordfast: Strengths and Weaknesses of This Translation Memory Tool was written and submitted by user Maya Pierce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Friday, March 6, 2020
Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket
Ways to Save at the Supermarket Do you have a budget? Do you shop for bargains? What do you bring with you to the supermarket? How do you save if you only bring green dollars to the store? You should always bring something to the store that can get you a discount. There are many ways to save at the supermarket, but the most common ways are bonus cards, coupons, and holiday sales. First of all, shopping at stores that issue customers bonus cards is a great way to save money. Every supermarket, just about, gives bonus cards. Wal-Mart, Samââ¬â¢s, Albertsonââ¬â¢s, and Winn-Dixie are just a few supermarkets that give customers a chance to enjoy their products through their discount cards. There is no need to give away personal information in exchange for any of the bonus cards. At Winn-Dixie, there are always sales on the meat product such as the 10lbs bags of chicken would be 3 for $10 when you use you Winn-Dixie discount card. At should be a total enjoyment to shop with bonus cards and save compared to the people who donââ¬â¢t have cards and walk out of the store broke. Each time that bonus cards are used, it shows that company that people were interested in the product. Bonus cards are a good way to see how much money can be saved. Coupons can really be a big money saver, if you use them before they expire. Coupons are sent to ever resident every week for just about everything. People may not realize this but groceries are expensive. Groceries are right up there with the highest monthly bills. Most people spend more on food then they do on their car, clothes, or any other family or household expense making groceries the second highest monthly expense. We see coupons in the Sunday newspapers, magazines, offers on TV, flyers, circulars, even coupons that can be printed off of the computer. There are also dispensers in the isles of the grocery stores filled with money saving offers. Lots of many can be saved if customers would take advanta... Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket Ways to Save at the Supermarket Do you have a budget? Do you shop for bargains? What do you bring with you to the supermarket? How do you save if you only bring green dollars to the store? You should always bring something to the store that can get you a discount. There are many ways to save at the supermarket, but the most common ways are bonus cards, coupons, and holiday sales. First of all, shopping at stores that issue customers bonus cards is a great way to save money. Every supermarket, just about, gives bonus cards. Wal-Mart, Samââ¬â¢s, Albertsonââ¬â¢s, and Winn-Dixie are just a few supermarkets that give customers a chance to enjoy their products through their discount cards. There is no need to give away personal information in exchange for any of the bonus cards. At Winn-Dixie, there are always sales on the meat product such as the 10lbs bags of chicken would be 3 for $10 when you use you Winn-Dixie discount card. At should be a total enjoyment to shop with bonus cards and save compared to the people who donââ¬â¢t have cards and walk out of the store broke. Each time that bonus cards are used, it shows that company that people were interested in the product. Bonus cards are a good way to see how much money can be saved. Coupons can really be a big money saver, if you use them before they expire. Coupons are sent to ever resident every week for just about everything. People may not realize this but groceries are expensive. Groceries are right up there with the highest monthly bills. Most people spend more on food then they do on their car, clothes, or any other family or household expense making groceries the second highest monthly expense. We see coupons in the Sunday newspapers, magazines, offers on TV, flyers, circulars, even coupons that can be printed off of the computer. There are also dispensers in the isles of the grocery stores filled with money saving offers. Lots of many can be saved if customers would take advanta...
Wednesday, February 19, 2020
How do symphony orchestras manage their members before a song Essay
How do symphony orchestras manage their members before a song successfully performed in front of the audience - Essay Example The implication here is that the musicians/organisational members, must subsume themselves into the whole and, rather than perceive of themselves as individuals, see themselves as integral parts of the unit, complimenting and completing the whole. While there tends to be a dearth in the literature on symphony orchestra management, the few sources which were located for this research unanimously attested to the complexity of managing a symphony orchestra and held the conductor as an exemplification of the total quality manager (Morgan, 1980; Chong, 2000; Rentschler, 2002). Not only is he entirely responsible for the management of orchestra members, musicians, towards the execution of a perfectly timed and completely harmonious and faultless musical performance but his responsibilities include organisational visioning, strategic direction, audience development and fundraising. To be effective, the musical leader/conductor of the orchestra must possess a combination of skills, the most significant of which appear to be artistic and musical skills, organisational skills, and charismatic leadership (Morgan, 1980). Proceeding from the above stated, and as may have been deduced from the foregoing, this research will establish the extent to which effective leadership and efficient management are integral to success, looking at the case of symphony orchestras. 2 Symphony Orchestra as Organisation The operations and performances of the symphony orchestra have always been expensive. In earlier decades, when orchestras presented their unpaid bills at the end of a season, wealthy patrons wrote personal checks to cover the costs. As generations progressed, patronage was no longer a reliable source of financial security, and local corporations stepped up to help with the burden (Holland, 2003). Organisational power was placed into the hands of a Board of Directors culled from the elite patrons (Couch, 2005). As a cultural institution, the symphony orchestra is a collective organisation of diverse groups committed to preserving a vital part of cultural heritage. Through the collaboration and commitment of musicians, administrators, volunteers and patrons, the orchestral organisation protects the viability and strength of symphonic music. Nearly every role in the orchestral organisation demands a combination of high-level skills in music as well as the logistics of production and management. Behaviour in modem orchestras is deeply institutionalised, growing out of practices and traditions that began more than a century ago. With large infrastructures to support, little room for financial errors, and ambiguous leadership structures, orchestras
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