Creating Items and Response Scales

Creating Items and Response Scales The major issues in creating items and response scales are to determine the types of survey scales to use. The primary function of the survey scale is to allocate weight and to provide significance to the answers collected. If a scale does not exist than there’s no means to qualify the answers on any particular survey and the entire process becomes like calculating calories without a food weight calculator (different measurement units) next to the number. Creating scales, indexes or any instrument that may perhaps be identified as a test is a component of the investigating process that is related to calibration. Calibration is a speedy and effortless way to attain precision and accuracy, in which are essential goals of measurement. In order to best estimate the reliability and validity of a study or investigation, is to ask questions about the items fitting together or overlapping or if the responses can improve a measuring instrument used.  A scale is a cluster of items tha t taps into a single domain of behavior, attitudes, or feelings. The word scale has been known to be called composites, subtests, agenda, or supplies. On a measuring instrument the following are found on a scale: aptitude, attitude, interest, performance, and personality tests. A scale is always one-dimensional, which means it has construct and content validity. The first key to understanding the meaning of a construct is to define construct validity. A psychological construct is a characteristic, proficiency, aptitude, or skills that have an effect in the human brain and is described by well-known theories. For example, the computer proficiency test is a construct. It exists and observed during the day to day operations. Construct validity usually is defined as unproven demonstration that the test was assessing the construct it asserts to be measuring. The experiment could take the appearance of a differential group study, in which the processes on the test are compared to two groups: one that illustrates construct and the other one that does not illustrate a construct. If the group with the construct functions better than the group without the construct, then the outcome is said to offer proof of the construct validity regarding the test. An unconventional strategy is called an intervention study. The intervention study is a group that is fragile in the construct that is measured utilizing the test, then studied the construct and measured again. If an underlying pattern is found involving the pretest and posttest, the difference can support the construct validity of the test. There have been many other strategies which can investigate the construct validity of the test. The philosophy of construct validity is when known in psychology and sociology research community. Educational measurements involved three types of validity such as content, criterion-related and construct validity. Nevertheless, there is no single way to study construct validity. Construct validity should be illustrated from several different perspectives. When various approaches are used to demonstrate the validity of the test, the test users become more confident but only if the evidence proven by those strategies are convincing. The construct valid ity test should demonstrate an accumulation of evidence. Currently, there are at least four construct scales, Thurston scales, Likert scales, Guttman scaling and semantic differential scale. For example, the Likert scale asks people to indicate how much they agree or disagree, accept as true or false and approve or disapprove. There are no correct or incorrect way to develop a Likert scale, but one thing is important is that the Likert scale must have five response categories. However, individuals frequently confuse scales and response scales. A response scale is the methods that are collected from individuals on an instrument. A dichotomous question has only two different answers which can be found on Political surveys. On this sort of survey the response scale is to measure opinions on issues, such as if he or she Agree/Disagree, True/False, or has Yes/No responses. Moreover, a researcher may use an interval response scale like a one to five or one to seven rating sale of measurin g just how negative or how positive a person’s opinion of an issue is. However, if all the researcher is doing is attaching a response scale to an object or statement, than the researcher cannot call it scaling. Scaling include procedures that are done independently of the respondent so it is able to come up with a numerical value for the object. In true scaling studies, an individual uses a scaling procedure to develop ones instrument (scale) and also use a response scale to gather the responses from participants. Yet, to just allocate a one to five response scale for an item is not considered scaling. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve a particular situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are different goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning proce ss and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants learn the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to goals and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to ascertain possible targets for process improvement through removing problems and progression efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of the activity, method, process or program and their contrast with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. These indicators can be used to review the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of the activity, effort, or process expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate progress. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements obtained. These short cycle evaluations can take on several forms, such as identifying evaluations criteria and identifying evaluation information. The Snyder Evaluation Model is an evaluation process regarded as a systems-based and participative approach involving participants as co-evaluators. In this model a three-stage process of evaluation is incorporated such as process, outcome, and a short-cycle evaluation. The method is mostly qualitative in its approach; however quantitative measures can be used when appropriate. Each evaluation stage builds upon a systems model or previous phases of how the project is carried out. Synder et al. (1997) research concerned the self-fulfilling influences of social stereotypes on two social interactions. This study approached attribution theory from several different angles, such as an individual cognitive and behavioral impression of other people. Each of the three steps methods called process, outcome and the short-cycle evaluation illustrates a systems model of how a group or project operates. The principal elements of the model are resources, activities, outcomes, goals and vision. Resources consist of any activities that produce immediate results in the pursuit of goals and objectives, in order to improve the individual situation. These include such resources such as money, equipment, physical materials, skills, time and goodwill. Activities are the day-by-day events carried out by individuals. The objectives are individual goals that are specific for him or her to follow over a particular time frame. Moreover, goals are usually developed through a planning pr ocess and revised during each treatment planning stage. As a result, the timeframe of the targeted problems or activities can either last a year or less than that. The first phase of Snyder evaluation is process evaluation. Process evaluation assists participants to understand the process and how their activities contribute to their goal. The participants understand the associations between the fundamentals of the model and discover how certain economic or productive resources and activities can contribute to targets and ideals. Therefore, these step by step breakdowns of the phases use to articulate the contributions, outputs, and processes that take place during each phase. A process evaluation can be utilized by improve understanding of how the process is carried out, and to determine potential targets for process improvement through removing waste and increasing efficiency. The second phase is outcome evaluations. Outcome evaluations use the results of an activity, plan, method, or program and their comparison with the intended or projected results. Building on this understanding, participants can identify reasonable and applicable indicators of their accomplishments. The indicators can be utilized to evaluate the overall achievement of the target or ideas, or results of an activity, effort, or process that can be expressed in quantitative numbers. The outcome evaluation also can demonstrate the effectiveness of the process evaluation, receive ongoing feedback and monitoring. The outgoing evaluation of the process can be demonstrated by annotating the following: assessable targets, measurable immediate effects; measurable activities; assessable resources; create monitoring activities and evaluate achievement. The third phase is short cycle evaluations. Short-cycle evaluation uses the indicators to build from the outcome evaluation in order to utilize useful feedback. The short-cycle evaluation examines if the targeting task is making progress by obtaining continuous feedback so that improvements can be obtained. Furthermore, short cycle evaluation develops a self-improving project, such as: identifying evaluation criteria; identify assessment information; distinguish sources of information; create information systems; assess process and outcome evaluations; and generate review mechanisms. A step-by-step  breakdown  of the  phases  of a  process, used to  convey  the inputs,  outputs, and  operations  that take place during each phase. A process analysis can be used to  improve  understanding of how the process  operates, and to determine potential  targets  for  process improvement  through removing  waste  and increasing  efficiency. Read more:  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/process-analysis.html#ixzz3GcBqWvJ0

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology

Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology By: September 24th, 2012 Psy. 410 Times have changed from what our grandparents knew and evolution is part of it. However, when looking at all the changes that we have seen in this world, how many of them were normal and how many were abnormal? Were they abnormal to some and normal to others? Or is there a particular age group that its normal or abnormal to? We are going to take a look and see if we can dig deeper in understanding normalcy and abnormalities. Abnormal Psychology To understand the origins of abnormal psychology you must first understand what it is.There are six main core concepts to understanding abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology is so complex in that we wonder what causes a mental illness or abnormal psychology while we wonder about feelings of being down and where they come from as well. Because there is so many questions in this particular field it is what makes it fascinating. With abnormal psychology there are six major concepts in classifying and defining it as abnormal. ( Hansell & Demour, 2008) Concepts The first concept in defining abnormal psychology is to define and understand abnormality.You must first understand circumstances that cause or surround any behavior to allow you to understand whether the behavior is normal or abnormal. The next concept examines the continuum between normal and abnormal behavior. ( Hansell & Demour, 2008) This means understanding the context that the actual abnormal behavior occurs to allow us to understand it as well as explain it. Cultural and historical relativism is the third concept in defining and classify abnormality. Demographic context influence abnormal behavior and include things such as class, age, culture and gender. Hansell & Demour, 2008) Advantages and limitations of diagnosis is the fourth concept is the limitations and advantage of diagnosis. The fifth examines the principle of multiple causality. ( Hansell & Demour, 2008) and finally the connection between the body and the mind is the sixth concept of abnormal psychology. Lets take a step back now and examine some of these a little farther. Lets begin with examining the continuum between abnormal and normal psychology. Continuum Without looking at the continuum we can not define whether or not the behavior is known as normal or abnormal. Read also Memory – ForgettingThe continuum examines the highlights of attitude of empathy toward those struggling with abnormal behavior. The continuum shows humanity among people. It also shows that people show and display concern with unfairness against them. ( Hansell & Demour, 2008) This makes it difficult for clinicians to find the fine line that exists between normal and abnormal behavior. The allows the scientific research to be more challenging as well as the treatment as well. Cultural and Relativism Things change through out time that can affect what is seen as abnormal.For example, seeing someone naked on public television 50 years ago was not normal but abnormal. Today, in 2012, seeing someone naked on public television is thought to be relatively normal. Along with social changes there is also cultural change. This is just one of the many changes that has happened even in the last 30 years. The changes are very apparent to older generations making this abnormal fo r them while the younger generation that is experiencing these changes but its all they know, this is considered normal to them. Yet its definition is all in interpretation.Biological Perspectives Toward abnormal psychology biological perspectives plays a huge role in mental disorders. Many illnesses, injuries, as well as defects may cause emotional symptoms. (Hansell & Demour, 2008) Physical structures and biochemical functions in the body are a huge contributor to abnormal psychology. Functions and structure of the brain is looked at by researchers in abnormal psychology. Some of the many things that have been shown to be a factor in mental disorders include the central nervous system, the endocrine system, the peripheral nervous system, as well as genetics. Hansell & Demour, 2008) Sociocultural Perspectives The Cultural and historical relativism is part of the sociocultural prespective. Because every society has different ideas of normalcy and abnormalities it is hard to define o r begin to define abnormality. Learning is what sociocultural theorists believed to be part of the contributor to mental disorders. ( Hansell & Demour, 2008) the stresses in social and cultural roles include things such as culture, gender, social class, and ethnicity.Socioeconomic status (SES), gender and ethnicity is what many theorists focus mainly on. Many times in life we evaluate what is normal and what is abnormal. Something in my life that may be normal to me might be completely abnormal to someone else. Interpretation plays a huge role and while definitions behind normal and abnormal are not clear or found interpretation is always part of understanding. References: Hansell, J. & Damour, L. (2008). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Qantas Airlines

Adel Dosmagambetova Maslow`s hierarchy There are always some points when we are talking about service and especially hospitality industry. When we serve our product, what our customers expect from us is our main purpose to provide. The company has to correlate the ability of their service and the expectations of their customers. They measure their product and customers` needs. (Anton & Petouhoff 1996)There are no doubts that matching both sides expectation we can provide satisfaction for our clients. However it is not always possible to satisfy all needs of your customer.Maslow`s hierarchy was created to show theory of needs in the psychology way and make a connection between each stages. Maslow used the terms Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, and Self-Actualization needs to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. (King,2009). We have analyzed our company and divided its needs into 5 main features. Qantas(Queensland and Northern Territ ory Aerial Services) is one of the oldest air company in the world, KLM is the only company elder.They provide their services over 90 years and the politic of this global, world famous company show us their ability to build and keep in touch with generations and customers expectation. The first stage of the hierarchy is physiological needs which include comfort of their customers, the second is their safety, the third is quality of service, the forth one is an image of the airways and the last one is self-actualization included personal experience. As it is mentioned above, first of all they provide comfortable seats, high quality food and straight flights, if it is possible.Qantas makes domestic and international ways as well, their flights operates to 56 metropolitans. However they don`t only specialized on air-service, they also have catering and Qantas holiday, where they provide high ranking service and unforgettable feelings. (About Qantas, 2012) The second stage is flexible s chedules, security of their belongings and their safety for sure. Qantas guarantees their customer their safety during the flights, security of their luggage and other belongings.They tried to make schedules maximum comfortable for every customer, counting that they usually make long-distance flights and their market is built by far-away flying. The third one is high quality services, with positive staffs, comfortable airports selection good matching places. For feeling welcomed for every customer they provide good service on their planes and they make training for their staff and even order branded uniforms. Airport is the first place where you get before or after flying and of course customer expect excellent services and suitable selections.It is great thing to be connected with one of the most famous and respected airports. The fourths stage one is about reputation of the airways. The customer wants being protection and perfect served, opinions and reputation of the chosen airli nes. They expect the company to promote them a high quality standards and popularity all over the world . â€Å"Success is getting what you want and happiness is liking what you get. †(Brown, 1992) To enhance the company`s reputation and branding Qantas has developed innovative and marketing ideas to boost sales by upgrading their planes and improve quality of advertising.To end with self-actualization we choose experience of Qantas` customer. The company provides unique types of services and make the flights for customer perfect. They try to show customer that with Qantas` they and their belongings in safety, and nowhere else customer will get such services. They make their experience by providing satisfactions of customer experience which allow them to fly only with Qantas and even special tariffs and Qantas club are support for them to fly Qantas.References list: Dr. Jon Anton & Dr. Natalie L. Petouhoff (1996) Customer relationship management. Skyway Drive, Santa Maria, An ton press Paul W. King. (2009) Climbing Maslow`s pyramid choosing your own path through life. Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, DB, United Kingdom H. Jackson Brown from the book Climbing Maslow pyramid. Matlock Bath, Derbyshire, DB, United Kingdom About Qantas, Retrieved from official web-site http://www. qantas. com. au/travel/airlines/home/au/en

Short Story - 804 Words

No, worried you might tired yourself out when thats my job. Brett smirked in reply, his eyes moving from Elenas body and dripping pussy to trail the movement of the cube up, then locking on her face. As gorgeous as the womans form was, and the many temptations she had to offer, he was entranced by her features, and her expressions and moans as he dripped the cold water onto his skin had his already aching shaft threatening to rip through the seams of his boxers. I think youre way in front at the moment, teasing little bitch. The crinkle of his eyes as he dropped the cube back into the ice-bucket, combined with the shake of his head made the epithet a compliment, filled with admiration at her ability to drive him crazy. Youre†¦show more content†¦The thwack of his hand spanking her butt mingled with the lewd sounds of her sucking him off. Losing control with each passing second, he bunched her hair in his fist and groaned in arousal as her nails raked his skin, Bretts entire shaft buried in her mouth. The best blowjob hed ever had? Possibly, but not totally because of just how fucking exceptional she was at it, but because it was Elena Reston with his cock down her throat, and seemingly enjoying it. No taunting at all now, just pure unadulterated pleasure, and he realised that not only did she appear to want to bring that to him for its own sake, but what his true motives had been from the moment hed approached her in the bar. The promises, the threats, the taunting, he wanted Elena to come for him, to orgasm multiple times, not simply for the sake of his ego, but that shed have a reason to return. Usually when he invited a woman home, he was already thinking about the excuses he could make the next morning not to see her again - thanks, Natasha - however, with Elena it had occurred entirely the opposite way around. He was thinking of ways to entice her return, in advance, without wanting to admit it aloud. Brett Carmody was smitten with her. As a huge shudder racked his body, he pushed down on her head, screamed in ecstasy and released. Wanting, needing to touch her, he simultaneously grasped between her legs. His body was on fireShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Essay about Organizational Structure- Mgt/230 - 1127 Words

Organizational Structure Martha Miranda MGT/230 6/20/12 Kelley Parker Abstract The central thesis of this paper examines the organizational structures of McDonalds, Burger King, and Wendy’s food restaurants. It will examine the comparison and contrast of the organizational structure of McDonalds with Burger King, and Wendy’s Corporations. What functions influence McDonalds, and explains how the organizational design helps determine the structure that best suits McDonalds needs, as a business. Organizational Structure Burgers are one of the most favored junk foods people like to eat from around the world. What a great idea to create a restaurant that gives the best tasting flavors, one of a kind style,†¦show more content†¦Aside from their products and services, these corporations have â€Å"Giving back to the communities,† page. These companies give back to their communities by giving scholarships, promote adoption, and create foundations to those in need. For instance, The Ronald McDonald House Charities, Have-It-Your-Way Foundations, and Wendy’s wonderful kids- Dave Thomas Foundation of Adoption. All three of these companies are nationwide as well. McDonalds and Wendy’s dominate more than Burger King does, but all have restaurants worldwide. In contrast with McDonalds their success is from globalization. Since the early 1940’s McDonalds has been a burger business, and accomplished to be the first one’s to become global. McDonalds has invested into several community organizations that helped the business to earn trust from the communities and gave more of a positive outlook towards their restaurants. They support their own employees, their families, and other groups of society in every country where it has business. McDonalds has website links to promote healthy living for kids, teens, and Latin and African Americans. McDonalds Happy Meals, McDonalds for teens, Me Encanta, and 365Black. They have corporate governance, which shows in detail of their operational structure. There is a whole webpage that is dedicated to explain about what is their drive to stay successful, what the board ofShow MoreRelatedMgt/230 Organizational Structure Paper1298 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Structure Paper Jody Denton MGT/230 November 6, 2011 Dr. Matasha Murrell Jones Organizational Structure Paper The temperature outside is 30 degrees and the predicted weather for the next week will continue to drop below freezing. When Jane wakes up in the morning without any heat, she weighs her options and sets out to call the gas company to get her service reconnected. Jane is advised by the customer service representative that in order to get her service turned on she wouldRead MoreWeek 4-Individual Organizational Structure Paper1108 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 4-Individual Organizational Structure Paper Sabrina Hoffmann 12/3/2012 Course: MGT/230 - MANAGEMENT THEORY AND PRACTICE Instructor: CAROL CONNELL Management Organizational Functions An important trait to any organization in the business world of today is the functions within the organization. Overall, an organizing function of management outlines the practice in which individuals within the organization interact and work with each other. CellCom Inc. is small cell phone company locatedRead MoreOrganizational Structure716 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure Paper Mayfield G. Parker MGT/230 May 24, 2012 Organizational Structure Paper The organizational structure of the Cheesecake Factory demonstrates how organizational function, and organizational design can lead to having a successful franchise. â€Å"The company operates 150 upscale casual dining restaurants under the â€Å"Cheesecake Factory â€Å"brandâ€Å" (Datamonitor, 2011). The company utilizes point of sale cash register system to maintain financial and accounting controls in restaurantsRead MoreOrganizational Paper742 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Structure Paper Mark Simpson MGT/230 May 24, 2012 Professor Jonathan Green Organizational Structure Paper The organizational structure of the Cheesecake Factory demonstrates how organizational function, and organizational design can lead to having a successful franchise. â€Å"The company operates 150 upscale casual dining restaurants under the â€Å"Cheesecake Factory â€Å"brandâ€Å" (Datamonitor, 2011). The company utilizes point of sale cash register system to maintain financial and accountingRead MoreOrganizational Structure Paper1161 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structure Paper MGT 230 Organizational Structure Paper The selected organization for the topic is AAA Remodeling AAA Remodeling is a construction company that focuses on remodeling of residential homes along with weatherization on commercial and residential buildings. Description of organizational structure of AAA remodeling will be given. Two other organizational structures will be selected for the use of contrast and comparison. The organizational functionsRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Structure of Chick-fil-A MGT 230 Tamitha Sprenger October 4, 2012 Charlene Beamon Organizational Structure of Chick-fil-A One key responsibility of working as a manager is to recognize the best way to organize and run an organization. A manager who can work with and put into motion the structure and plans of aRead MoreTarget Organizational Structure979 Words   |  4 PagesTarget Structure Sierra Phelps MGT/230 March 10, 2014 George DeMetropolis Target Structure â€Å"Expect more, pay less† this slogan is known throughout the United States that links amazing service and quality products at a great price from one convenient location, Target. Target has a long history of providing a wide variety of products from fashionable clothing for all members of the family to your everyday essential needs such as toiletries and cleaning supplies. Behind every wildly successfulRead MoreIndividual Organizational Structure Paper1091 Words   |  5 PagesIndividual Organizational Structure Paper MGT/230 July 23, 2012 Todd Lambertson Individual Organizational Structure Paper Facebook is a social-networking site that has a strong organization structure that is appropriate for their particular product; social media. Facebook seems like a simple site that does not require a structure to operate. Twitter works in the same way but is only set up for chatting through posts, or as it is called tweets. Tweets are text-based quotes of up to 140 charactersRead MoreOrganizational Structure991 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Structure: Walmart Michele Hileman MGT/230 June 15, 2015 Opening its doors in Rogers, Arkansas, Walmart started a profitable business in 1962. The founder, Sam Walton, could never have envisioned where his company would be in the present. Earning approximately $30,000 in 1962, Walmart has evolved into a multibillion dollar company earning over $15 billion in 2011 (Walmartstores.com, 2012). This evolution could not have come without careful planning, strategic implementationRead MoreMGT/230 Week 3 Presentation Essay642 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Week 3 Team Reflection Summary MGT/230 Week two gave us an inside look on what the six steps are during the planning process. These steps are situational analysis, alternative goals and plans, goal and plan evaluation, goal and plan selection, implementation, and finally monitor and control. The step that Tina, Joanne, and Chris thought was most important in the planning process was the role of setting up alternative goals and plans. They believe it is always a good idea to have an alternative

Islam s Impact On The United States - 1297 Words

Within the past twelve years, Islam has grown to be the second largest religion practiced around the world. Growing up, there weren’t many Muslim people that practiced Islam as there are now. Ten years ago, I would only see about one or two Muslims as I walked down the street, but now I see many more. In Philadelphia, there are more than 200,000 people who are Muslim, and 85% of those people are African-American. In this city when people see African-American Muslims who are garbed up they don’t discriminate against them. To be a Muslim in this society it causes controversy because people are constantly pointing out all of the flaws within them. Since 9/11, people seem to always associate Muslims with terrorists. More importantly, when people hear Muslim terrorists they never assume that they are from any other areas except from the Middle Eastern. Being young and not knowing the real reasoning behind the attacks of 9/11, I had always looked at Muslims as terrorists. To be specific, I thought they were mainly Middle Eastern Muslims. I was oblivious to the fact that there are other types of Muslims because all I have ever saw in the media were those types. It didn’t hit me that I was starting to become a victim of discrimination until I was on the bus and I saw a white male dressed up in a turban thinking that he was going to harm the passengers on the bus. I knew then that I had to alter my opinions about this because I knew that I wouldn’t like it if someone thought I wasShow MoreRelatedThe United States 9 / 11 Attacks On The Middle East And Middle Eastern American Center Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesWith the American people showing ever increasing interest in Muslims since the attacks on America, it was inevitable that this would change the way Muslims would be viewed in the United States. 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Analysis of an Education Policy Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: Q 1. What is the problem represented to be in the policy? Q.2 What presupposition lies behind this representation of problem? Q.3 How has this problem representation come out? Q.4 What is left unproblematic in this problem representation? Where are the silences? Can the problem be thought about differently? Q5. What is the effect of this representation of the problem? Q.6 Where has this representation of the problem been produced, disseminated and defended? How it could be questioned or replaced? Answers: Introduction: Education in India is provided by both public sector and private sector. Though the funding comes from central, state and local level, still India still lags behind in expense of education. Another drawback is that despite enrollment of student in different educational courses, no major improvement in skills and talent required for productivity is seen. This reflects that quality of education is not up to international standard. All this also indicates that the educational policies implemented so far has not been successful. Series of issues needs to be addressed by means of appropriate policies so that Indian education system is strengthened. Recent policy are responding to the issue of inequity in education and looking to promote education among all people (Indian Education System Issues And Challenges Byjus, 2017).Identifying strength and impact of previous policies will helps to determine improvement in new policies. On that basis, it can be said that the Rasthriya Madhyamik Sh iksha Abhiyan was an important policy that looked to improve the quality of education in India. The purpose of this report is to analyze this policy initiative by use of appropriate framework and evaluate its impact on educational leadership. This would help to understand how the policy constructs identities for leaders. Identification of the policy: The first policy formulated for promoting the education among Indian citizen was the National Policy on Education. The policy was first implemented in 1986 and modified again in the year 1992. The main vision of the policy was to improve the education scenario of India. It was planned to review the progress of the policy and work out new policies and programmes. It was also planned to widen access to the secondary schools and make it universalized. With this initiative, the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) was formulated in 2009 for the development of secondary education. The main objective of this policy was to enhance access and improve the quality of secondary education. The scheme was implementer from 2009-2010. The initial target was to achieve enrollment rate in secondary schools by 75% by providing reasonable access to secondary education to all people. Other secondary goal of the RMSA policy was to eliminate gender and socioeconomic barrier in the attainment of seco ndary education and comply to prescribed norm of secondary school. The time set for the achievement of the universal access goals was 2017 and it was intended to achieve full universal retention by 2020 (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) | Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2017). Through this policy initiative, several secondary schools in India gained access to important physical facilities such as additional class rooms, libraries, drinking water provisions, residential facilities for teachers in remote areas and additional toilet blocks. This basic facilities promote better engagement of teachers and increase in enrolment rate. The scheme provided support to people with disability by establishing inclusive education for disabled at secondary stage from 2013-2014. On the other hand, some of the important quality provisions provided by the scheme were special focus on science, maths and English education, curriculum reforms, teaching reforms and ICT (information and communication technology) enabled education (Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (Integrated) | Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, 2017).The ICT enable education was a means to combine technology and education to support and optimize learning process in schools. There is also evidence worldwide that ICT has the potential to make students better learners and enhance the teaching process. Integrating technology with school curriculum has been associated with positive impact on students achievement level (Fu, 2013). Description of the analytical framework: The WPR approach framework will be analyzed for detailed critical analysis of the MRSA policy. It is called the Whats the problem represented to be? approach which facilitates critical interrogation of public policies. It is based on the premise that proposal to do something reflects peoples perception on problematic areas which needs to changes (Bacchi, 2009).. Therefore, the main goal of WPR analysis is to analyze how problem is represented in policies and then evaluated the problem and its solutions explicitly. WPR analysis focuses on the identifying the unexamined assumption presents within problem representation. On that basis, different premise of knowledge hidden in public policies can be identified such as psychological premise, biomedical premise or developmental premise. During the formulation of the WPR approach, only four questions were used to analyze the policy, however with the most recent modification, 2 more questions were added (Question 3 and 6). These two questions were included to determine the impact of power involved in shaping policies. The following is the list of 6 questions of the WPR framework and the purpose of each: Question 1- Whats the problem represented to be in specific policies? With this question, the aim is to aware about problem presented in the policy Question 2- What assumptions underpin the representation of problem in policies? This helps in identifying the underlying premise in the perception of problems. Question 3- How the problem representation has come out? The answer to this question can be given by analyzing the problems and process through which this problem has been identified. Question 4- What are the gaps in problem representation? The purpose of this question is to carefully scrutinize limitations of policies in policy representation. Question 5- What is the impact of this form of problem representation? This is the most important point for assessment of policies where relevant solutions to the problem is evaluated by means of policy initiative. Question 6- How has the problem been produced, disseminated and defended. How it has been replaced? This helps to determine the progress of the policy and any modifications with time. WPR framework has been chosen for the evaluating the MRSA policy because it utilized a broader approach to analyze compared to other framework. Furthermore, this analytical approach has found application in wide range of fields such as public policy, law, health science and others. WPR offers an innovative way to analyze policy. The conventional view was that public policies respond to problems that are not yet identified in policy process and that are not yet solved. However, the WPR approach challenges this approach by arguing that policies represents problem that they appear to address (Bacchi Goodwin, 2016). With this view, the goal of this approach is to critically scrutinize problem representations in policies. Therefore, through the application of the six questions, the RMSA policy will be critically analyzed. Application of the framework to the analysis of the policy: The performance of the RMSA policy and its problem representation is analyzed by the application of the six questions of the WPR in policy analysis. The following is the detailed analysis of the policy with respect to the six questions? 1.From the objectives of the RMSA policy, it is understood that India lacks behind in quality education and the enrollment of student in secondary school education. The policy objectives reflect this problem in the Indian education system. High quality of education is needed to develop skills and talent, however India has lagged behind in productivity due to gap in skills. This weakness is attributed from gaps in school level education because modern means of teaching and learning is not utilized in India. Large difference exists in among schools in access to different kinds of educational technology (Klemencic Fried, 2015). Very few schools integrate ICT in the education and learning process. Students going to high minority schools have less access to useful technologies compared to other schoold. This has been the reason why MRSA policy planned to introduce ICT enabled education in schools. Another problem in Indian education represented in the policy is that of poor participation rate of children in secondary school education particularly in rural areas. Enrolment rate was low because of local barriers like larges distance between home and school and poor facilities in school. That is why the Government sought to systematically remove the barrier in accessing secondary school education by means of providing secondary school within a reasonable distance of habitation and planned of improving physical facility provision through the MRSA policy (Klemencic Fried, 2015). The policy also represents poor professional development in school teachers in rural area. 65% of the population resides in rural areas and poor skills development in teachers act as a barrier in achieving the universal education goals. Currently, young learners of India are not future ready because of problems and issues experienced by teachers. They are provided unsatisfactory training and often engaged in non-teaching duties. This has been the reason for demotivation in the job too. Digital aid is also needed to improve the scenario of secondary school education (Featurephilia, 2017). 2.From the analysis of the MRSA policy, it can be said that the main assumption behind the representation of the problem is the lack of universal and high quality education system in India. Although innovation is seen in urban education, however rural learners and disabled persons remains neglected (Pritchett, 2013).Hence, this group needs much more attention to promote education in India. MRSA policy looked to address gender, socio-economic and disability barriers in educations. This reflects that the policy has the presupposition that educational performance is poor due to this barriers present within the system. One news article gives insight into the gender disparity to literacy in India by stating that gender barrier has blocked the gateway for development. The difference is understood from the 2011 census data according to which male literacy rate was 80.89 % and the female literacy rate was 64.64%. This might also be contributing to slow pace of educational development in the country (Gender disparity a barrier to literacy in India : Private Jobs, 2017). On the other hand, socioeconomic barrier and inequity in learning process in rural and urban areas is the reason behind the supposition that India is performing poorly in terms of quality of education. 3.This problem representation has come out by means of many government level actions to improve the educational performance of India. The MRSA policy mostly focused on secondary education because this is the foundation on which higher educational goals can be laid. If the quality of secondary education is exceptional, it will support an individual in preparing for higher educational goals too. This would enhance their skill globally and facilitate better recruitment opportunities in job market (O'Flaherty Phillips, 2015). Apart from the MRSA policy, the need for improvement in the secondary education was also proposed by many National Education Commission. With increased focus on ICT as a tool for enhancing learning worldwide, India also planned to integrate it in curriculum. Banerjee, Mandal, Dey, (2014, April) gave insight into the need of ICT enabled education by affirming that knowledge and technology is essential in the age of innovation and productivity. The adoption of ICT a t all levels has been proposed to enhance productivity and growth of countries. In the context of education, it facilitates infrastructure development as well as learning process. Therefore, government took several initiative to improve educational facilities in India and promote high quality learning. 4.The MRSA policy recognized the disability and socio-economic barriers in universal access to secondary level education, however it failed to give detail on specific facilities for available to support children with disability in education. Although the MRSA policy proposed inclusive education for disables at secondary stage, however no insight was given regarding the resources that would have helped in maximizing learning in this group of children. The physical facilities provisions under the scheme mainly focused on general schools without considering the disabled students. Recognizing the learn skill and skill acquisition of this group is important because they are most vulnerable to live in poor condition. Poverty and disability might be a barrier in enrollment in schools (Cortiella Horowitz, 2014). Hence, in order to achieve the objective of universal access to secondary education, the policy must have paid more attention to learning needs of this group. In addition, no assess ment criteria has been provided for the progress of quality in secondary education which is the silences of the MRSA policy. This problem can be thought differently by looking for sources that can maximize resources for people with disability in order to achieved high quality of education at all level. It would also act a means to alleviate poverty and promote economic growth. 5.The overall impact and progress of RMSA policy cannot be clearly stated now because it visions was to achieve the goals by 2020 and the policy initiative and action is still in progress. However, it is likely to bring positive results for the whole society because youth is the future for economic development of the country. The focus on quality of education has the potential to enhance quality in learning process and build confidence of students. Indian citizens will be prepared to contest and compete globally in all areas (Stromquist Monkman, 2014). With better acquisition in learning and appropriate learning resources, more and more number of people are likely to continue education and engage in higher educations. This will make their career prospects bright and help to yield economic benefits for the country too. Effect will be also be seen in the area of disparities as it looked to enhance all barriers in the achievement of educational goals. 6.The problem in education system is produced in the MRSA policy by formulating objective to enhance access to education and improve its quality. The resolution for the problem as represented in the RMSA policy is disseminated by State/ UT government action. They are implementing several programmers' and strategies for state allocation to provide physical resource to schools. However, the policy is defended by several challenges by funding issue and achieving gender parity. Although the Government of India has released share, however the appropriate utilization is low because of corrupt practices (Kapur Misra, 2015). The problem presented in meeting the objective of the MRSA policy can be questioned by Ministry of Human Resource Development in India because its utilizes the potential of young people and takes interest in secondary school level issues. MHRD is also involved in strengthening lives of young people to lead a better life (Gupta, Raman, Krisanthan, 2016). Leadership professional identities and practices constructed in the policy: The success of educational policy is understood from its emphasis on the role of school leaders. This is important because they are the person who plays a direct role involved in learning process and developing skills of children. The MRSA policy also realized the role of school leaders as it proposed teaching learning reforms, in-service training for teachers and providing hostels to teachers in remote areas. By this strategy, school leaders got adequate opportunities to enhance their professional skills and overcome all barriers to provide children high quality of education. Furthermore, with the proposal of ICT enables teaching, it provided teachers with additional support to optimize teaching and learning process. This would develop interest in learning and more and more children will enroll in classes too. Conclusion: The essay focused on the critical evaluation of the RMSA policy to determine its importance in bringing improvement in education system of India. The use of the WPR analytical framework helped in the identification of the problem that the policy represented and how it proposed to solve the limitations in the education system. The MRSA policy aimed to achieve quality in secondary education and for this it propose many actions. The evaluation of the policy helped in understanding the assumptions of the policy and the manner in which it is disseminated by the government to initiate effective actions related to the policies. As the policy is still going, positive results is likely to be seen by 2020. References 5 problems with teachers in rural areas which are blocking India's educational growth : Featurephilia. (2017).Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 25 May 2017, from https://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/india-rural-education-problems/1/871041.html Bacchi, C. (2009). Rethinking policy analysis: theory and politics. In C. Bacchi (2009).Analysing policy: what's the problem represented to be? (pp. 23-53). Pearson Education: Frenchs Forest, N.S.W. Bacchi, C., Goodwin, S. (2016). Making Politics Visible: The WPR Approach. InPoststructural Policy Analysis(pp. 13-26). Palgrave Macmillan US. Banerjee, S., Mandal, K. S., Dey, P. (2014, April). A Study on the Permeation and Scope of ICT Intervention at the Indian Rural Primary School Level. InCSEDU (2)(pp. 363-370). Cortiella, C., Horowitz, S. H. (2014). The state of learning disabilities: Facts, trends and emerging issues.New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities. Fu, J. S. (2013). ICT in education: A critical literature review and its implications.International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology,9(1), 112. Gender disparity a barrier to literacy in India : Private Jobs. (2017).Indiatoday.intoday.in. Retrieved 25 May 2017, from https://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/gender-disparity-a-barrier-to-literacy-ion-india/1/381810.html Gupta, V., Raman, C., Krisanthan, B. (2016). Secondary (9-10) and Higher Secondary (11-12) Education: Preparation for the World of Work: Secondary and Higher Secondary Education in India. InIndia: Preparation for the World of Work(pp. 41-63). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Indian Education System Issues And Challenges - Byjus. (2017).Byju's Free IAS Prep. Retrieved 25 May 2017, from https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/indian-education-system-issues-and-challenges Kapur, A., Misra, A. (2015). Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) Budget Briefs 2015-16.Budget Briefs,7(2). Klemencic, M., Fried, J. (2015). Demographic challenges and future of the higher education.International Higher Education, (47). Klemencic, M., Fried, J. (2015). Demographic challenges and future of the higher education.International Higher Education, (47). O'Flaherty, J., Phillips, C. (2015). The use of flipped classrooms in higher education: A scoping review.The Internet and Higher Education,25, 85-95. Pritchett, L. (2013).The rebirth of education: Schooling ain't learning. CGD Books. Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (Integrated) | Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2017).Mhrd.gov.in. Retrieved 25 May 2017, from https://mhrd.gov.in/rmsa_integrated Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) | Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2017).Mhrd.gov.in. Retrieved 25 May 2017, from https://mhrd.gov.in/rmsa Stromquist, N. P., Monkman, K. (Eds.). (2014).Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education.